What is stoping in mining?

stoping, in mining engineering, the opening of large underground rooms, or stopes, by the excavation of ore. Stoping is practiced in underground mineral mining when the surrounding rock is strong enough to permit the drilling, blasting, and removal of ore without caving.

What is shrinkage stoping in mining?

GENERAL DESCRIPTION Shrinkage or shrinkage stoping refers to any mining method in which broken ore is temporarily retained in the stope to provide a working platform and/or to offer temporary support to the stope walls during active mining.

What is blast hole stoping?

When the dip of a deposit is steep (greater than about 55°), ore and waste strong, ore boundaries regular, and the deposit relatively thick, a system called blasthole stoping is used. A drift is driven along the bottom of the ore body, and this is eventually enlarged into the shape of a trough.

What is sublevel caving?

Sublevel caving (SLC) is a mass mining method based upon the utilisation of gravity flow of blasted ore and caved waste rock [1]. The method functions on the principle that ore is fragmented by blasting, while the overlying host rock fractures and caves under the action of mine-induced stresses and gravity [2].

What is cut and fill mining method?

use in underground mining

steeply dipping ore bodies, is cut-and-fill mining, in which the opened stope is back-filled with waste materials as each layer of ore is removed. This system can be adapted to many different ore body shapes and ground conditions.

What is sublevel stoping?

Sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from different levels of elevation but is removed from one level at the bottom of the mine. Before mining begins, an ore pass is usually drilled from a lower to a higher elevation.

What is drift fill mining?

Drift and fill is similar to cut and fill, except that it is used in ore zones, which are wider than the method of drifting will allow to be mined. In this case, the first drift is developed in the ore, and is backfilled using consolidated fill. The second drift is driven adjacent to the first drift.

What is crown pillar?

A crown pillar, defined as a rock mass situated above an uppermost stope of the mine, can be one of two types: a “surface crown pillar” and “crown pillar between open pit and underground”.

What is shaft pillar in mining?

i. A large area of a coal seam that is left unworked around the shaft bottom to protect the shaft and the surface buildings from damage by subsidence. All roadways in the shaft pillar are narrow, and coal faces are not opened out until the limit line of the shaft pillar is reached.

What is a sill in mining?

Sill drifts (known as ore access drifts) act as the egress to the orebody in an underground mining operation and typically have the smallest cross-sections. They are usually secondary developments and act as temporary access points to an active area in the orebody that is being mined.

What is rib pillar in mining?

In mining, a rib pillar separates one stope from the other and is aligned transverse of the stope, perpendicular to the strike. It is used in mines to increase the strata stability of the stope and support the raises, winzes or shaft of the mine.

What is sill pillar?

A sill pillar is the horizontal part of the orebody left between the level drive and stope drive, whereas a crown pillar is the horizontal part of orebody left between stope roof and level drive as shown in Fig. 1.

How subsidence factor is determined?

The observed data and theoretical research demonstrated that the subsidence of strip pillar mining is related with the following factors: mining width (b), strip pillar width (a), mining depth (H), mining thickness(M), recovery ratio (ρ), mining method and roof management method, physical mechanical properties and …

How do you prove mine subsidence?

Indications of mine subsidence

1. Popping, creaking and cracking resounding from the inside components of your house.
2. The appearance of cracks in your foundation or exterior walls.
3. Shifting and tilting – doors may begin to swing open or shut on their own.
4. Windows and doors beginning to stick or jam.

What are the factors affecting subsidence?

Subsidence, a universal process that occurs in response to the voids created by extracting solids or liquids from beneath the Earth’s surface, is controlled by many factors including mining methods, depth of extraction, thickness of deposit, and topography, as well as the in situ properties of the rock mass above the …

How do I stop mine subsidence?

Subsidence control can be achieved by filling void spaces in and above the mine or by selective support of structures or areas. Selective support methods are utilized to supplement existing mine pillars. Included are piers constructed within the mine, deep foundations, and grout columns.

What is mining subsidence?

Mining subsidence occurs when the earth beneath or near a property’s foundations has been weakened or hollowed out by mining works. This causes the downward movement of the ground upon which a building sits.

What is land subsidence?

Land subsidence is a gradual settling or sudden sinking of the Earth’s surface owing to subsurface movement of earth materials. The principal causes of land subsidence are aquifer-system compaction, drainage of organic soils, underground mining, hydrocompaction, natural compaction, sinkholes, and thawing permafrost.

What is Delta subsidence?

1 But some of the world’s most vulnerable coasts—those fringing flat delta plains, mainly in Southeast Asia—face the far more immediate threat of sinking land. 2 Induced mainly by human activities on a local rather than global scale, this phenomenon, known as land subsidence, can outpace sea-level rise substantially.

What are the two types of subsidence?

• Surface Subsidence and Collapse.
• Carbonate Dissolution.
• Dissolution.