What is a Paperclip scientist?

Operation Paperclip was a secret United States intelligence program in which more than 1,600 Nazi German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from former Nazi Germany to the U.S. for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe, between 1945 and 1959.

What is the Paperclip theory?

The paperclip maximizer is the canonical thought experiment showing how an artificial general intelligence, even one designed competently and without malice, could ultimately destroy humanity. The thought experiment shows that AIs with apparently innocuous values could pose an existential threat.

How many scientists are in an Operation Paperclip?

In a covert affair originally dubbed Operation Overcast but later renamed Operation Paperclip, roughly 1,600 of these German scientists (along with their families) were brought to the United States to work on America’s behalf during the Cold War.

What was the point of Operation Paperclip?

In the fall of 1944, the United States and its allies launched a secret mission code-named Operation Paperclip. The aim was to find and preserve German weapons, including biological and chemical agents, but American scientific intelligence officers quickly realized the weapons themselves were not enough.

How many German scientists worked for NASA?

Von Braun was one of about 120 German scientists who, in a then-secret U.S. project known as Operation Paperclip, were taken to the U.S. to develop military technology.

Who invented the paperclip?

The Norwegian Johan Vaaler is usually called the inventor of the paper clip. Norway had no patent office, so he filed an American patent for a set of square and triangular clips. That was in 1901.

What is the orthogonality thesis?

The Orthogonality Thesis states that an artificial intelligence can have any combination of intelligence level and goal, that is, its Utility Functions(107) and General Intelligence(65) can vary independently of each other.

Why is AI existential threat?

The possibility of super-intelligence poses an existential issue, because intelligence is vital to power and control. This raises a real concern or a real challenge if our research goal to create a general AI comes true. And that is sort of core to the threat posed by intelligence.

Is orthogonal to?

Orthogonal means relating to or involving lines that are perpendicular or that form right angles, as in This design incorporates many orthogonal elements. Another word for this is orthographic. When lines are perpendicular, they intersect or meet to form a right angle.

What is orthogonal in math?

In elementary geometry, orthogonal is the same as perpendicular. Two lines or curves are orthogonal if they are perpendicular at their point of intersection. Two vectors and of the real plane or the real space are orthogonal iff their dot product .

What is orthogonality rule?

Loosely stated, the orthogonality principle says that the error vector of the optimal estimator (in a mean square error sense) is orthogonal to any possible estimator. The orthogonality principle is most commonly stated for linear estimators, but more general formulations are possible.

How do you show Orthonormality?

Definition. A set of vectors S is orthonormal if every vector in S has magnitude 1 and the set of vectors are mutually orthogonal. The set of vectors { u1, u2, u3} is orthonormal. Proposition An orthogonal set of non-zero vectors is linearly independent.

What is the significance of Orthonormalization?

Every vector in the new set is orthogonal to every other vector in the new set; and the new set and the old set have the same linear span. In addition, if we want the resulting vectors to all be unit vectors, then we normalize each vector and the procedure is called orthonormalization.

What is orthonormal in quantum mechanics?

A set of vectors is called orthonormal when every vector is normalized to 1 and for every 2 different vectors their inner product is 0.) The observation gives an eigenvalue (λ) corresponding to the eigenvector.

Are eigenvectors orthonormal?

A basic fact is that eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix A are real, and eigenvectors of distinct eigenvalues are orthogonal. Two complex column vectors x and y of the same dimension are orthogonal if xHy = 0.

Does every real 3×3 matrix have a real eigenvalue?

Hence every real 3×3 matrix has at least one real eigenvalue, and obviously, a corresponding eigenvector in R3.

Do eigenvectors have to be perpendicular?

In general, for any matrix, the eigenvectors are NOT always orthogonal. But for a special type of matrix, symmetric matrix, the eigenvalues are always real and the corresponding eigenvectors are always orthogonal.

Are matrices symmetric?

In linear algebra, a symmetric matrix is a square matrix that is equal to its transpose. Formally, Because equal matrices have equal dimensions, only square matrices can be symmetric. and.

What is conjugate of a matrix?

Conjugate of a matrix is the matrix obtained from matrix ‘P’ on replacing its elements with the corresponding conjugate complex numbers. It is denoted by. Contents show. Conjugate of a matrix example. Conjugate of a matrix properties.

How do you Symmetrize a matrix?

Video quote: But here's just one example let's say T of 1 2 3 4. Well that's 1/2 times 1 2 3 4. And then you transpose it and transpose just means you flip it along the diagonal.

WHAT IS A if B is a singular matrix?

If the determinant of a matrix is 0 then the matrix has no inverse. It is called a singular matrix.

Is the zero matrix singular?

The determinant of a singular matrix is zero. A non-invertible matrix is referred to as singular matrix, i.e. when the determinant of a matrix is zero, we cannot find its inverse. Singular matrix is defined only for square matrices.



Properties.

What does nonsingular mean in linear algebra?

A square matrix that is not singular, i.e., one that has a matrix inverse. Nonsingular matrices are sometimes also called regular matrices. A square matrix is nonsingular iff its determinant is nonzero (Lipschutz 1991, p. 45).

Which matrix does not have an inverse?

singular matrix

A singular matrix does not have an inverse. To find the inverse of a square matrix A , you need to find a matrix A−1 such that the product of A and A−1 is the identity matrix.

What comes first rows or columns?

By convention, rows are listed first; and columns, second. Thus, we would say that the dimension (or order) of the above matrix is 3 x 4, meaning that it has 3 rows and 4 columns. Numbers that appear in the rows and columns of a matrix are called elements of the matrix.

Is matrix multiplication commutative?

Matrix multiplication is associative. Al- though it’s not commutative, it is associative. That’s because it corresponds to composition of functions, and that’s associative.