The Orogeny and Rock Types of the San Gabriel Mountains in the Angeles National Forest: A Geologic Overview
Geology & LandformThe San Gabriel Mountains are a mountain range located in Southern California, within the Angeles National Forest. The range extends approximately 56 miles from east to west and is composed primarily of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The San Gabriel Mountains are part of the Transverse Ranges, a series of mountain ranges that run perpendicular to
Unveiling the Mysteries of the KT Boundary: A Guide to Photographing South Table Mountain’s Evidence of Mass Extinction
Wildlife & BiologyThe K-T boundary, also known as the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, is a geological layer that marks the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Paleogene period. It is known for the mass extinction event that occurred during this time, which wiped out the dinosaurs and many other species. The K-T boundary can be
Unraveling the Mystery: How Does the Coriolis Force Nullify the Pressure Gradient Force in Perpendicular Directions?
Geology & LandformUnderstanding Geostrophic Wind Geostrophic wind is a type of wind that occurs when the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force are in equilibrium. This wind occurs in the upper atmosphere where air moves parallel to isobars, or lines of constant pressure. The balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force is necessary
Comparing Variogram Methods for Improved Ordinary Kriging Interpolation in Earth Science
Data & AnalysisInterpolation is a common technique used in geoscience to estimate values at unsampled locations based on a set of known sample points. A popular interpolation method is ordinary kriging, which uses a spatial model based on the spatial autocorrelation of the data to generate estimates. The accuracy of ordinary kriging depends heavily on the choice
How to Create Quiver Plots of Wind and Current Arrows on Basemaps using Python for Earth Science Applications
Software & ProgrammingQuiver plots are an essential tool for visualizing vectors such as wind and current data. These plots use arrows or line segments to indicate the direction and magnitude of the vectors. In earth science, quiver plots can be used to show the movement of ocean currents or atmospheric winds. In this article, we will discuss
Optimizing Layer Compaction for Railway Embankments: Achieving ≥90% in Lower Layers and ≥95% in Upper 5 ft
General Knowledge & EducationThe Importance of Layer Compaction in Railroad Embankments Railroad embankments are a critical component of railroad infrastructure. They provide a stable foundation for the tracks, distribute the weight of the trains, and prevent soil erosion. The construction of railroad embankments consists of several layers of material, including subgrade, subbase, base, and ballast. Each layer must