The Surprising Role of Sublimation in Glacial Ice Mass Balance: An Energy Balance Perspective
Outdoor GearGlaciers are one of the most important sources of freshwater on Earth, and their mass balance (the balance between ice accumulation and loss) is a key indicator of the health of our planet’s cryosphere. A positive mass balance occurs when the amount of ice gained by a glacier exceeds the amount lost through melting, calving,
Exploring Plate Tectonics through Time: An Interactive Online Demonstration with Google Earth
Geology & LandformPlate tectonics is the scientific theory that explains how the outermost layer of the Earth is made up of plates that move and interact with each other. It is a fundamental concept in Earth science and helps us understand a wide range of geological phenomena, from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions to the formation of mountain
Calculating the Horizontal Distance to the Visible Horizon: Exploring the Effects of Earth’s Curvature on Sea Level Observations
Water BodiesObserving the horizon is a common sight for people who live near the coast or are on a boat. The horizon is the apparent line that separates the sky from the land or sea. What many people do not realize is that the apparent horizon they see is not actually flat, but curved. This curvature
Mastering Glaciology: Calculating Glacier Mass Balance for Accurate Climate Projections
Polar & Ice RegionsGlaciers are one of the most fascinating and important natural phenomena on Earth. They play a critical role in shaping the landscape and influencing the climate of our planet. However, the study of glaciers is a complex and multidisciplinary field that requires a deep understanding of various physical, chemical, and biological processes. One of the
The Basics of 0 Degree Isotherm and Its Calculation in Snow Science
Polar & Ice RegionsIn snow science, the 0-degree isotherm is an important concept that helps determine the temperature profile of the snowpack. The 0-degree isotherm, also known as the freezing level, is the height or elevation at which the temperature is 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit). The location of this isotherm is influenced by factors such as
Revisiting Hapgood’s Earth Crust Displacement Theory: A Continental Crust Perspective
Geology & LandformIn the mid-20th century, a man named Charles Hapgood proposed a controversial theory known as Earth Crust Displacement (ECD). According to Hapgood, the Earth’s crust could shift or slide on the underlying mantle, causing catastrophic events such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and ice ages. Despite being met with skepticism by the scientific community, some researchers continue