Net-Zero Emissions and Radiative Forcing: Debating the Continued Warming of the Climate
General Knowledge & EducationWhat is net zero emissions? In recent years, there has been a growing consensus among scientists and policymakers that to avoid the worst impacts of climate change, the world must achieve “net-zero” greenhouse gas emissions by mid-century or sooner. Net-zero means that all emissions of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, are offset by removing
The Cold Reality: Exploring the Link Between Climate and Coastal Ruggedness
Water BodiesCoasts are dynamic environments shaped by a variety of natural processes, including erosion, sediment transport, and sea level change. Coastal landscapes can vary greatly depending on the climate and geology of the region. In general, colder climates tend to have more rugged coastlines characterized by rocky cliffs, sea stacks, and other coastal landforms. This article
The Connection between Ekman Transport and Volume Transport in Ocean Models
Modeling & PredictionOcean circulation is a complex phenomenon involving the movement of water, heat, and nutrients around the globe. Ocean currents are driven by a combination of forces, including wind, tides, and temperature gradients. One of the most important factors in ocean circulation is the transport of water by currents. There are two types of water transport
Do Mohs Hardness Scratch Pens Require Replacement or Resharpening for Accurate Field Measurements?
Data & AnalysisMohs hardness pens are commonly used in the geosciences to determine the hardness of minerals. These pens consist of a set of sharpened points made of different materials, each with a different degree of hardness. The pen is used to scratch the surface of a mineral, and the hardness of the mineral is then determined
Exploring the Consensus and Controversies: Which Atmosphere Models Place the Upper End of the Tropopause Isothermal Layer at 25 km in the Stratosphere?
Weather & ForecastsThe tropopause is the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere and is characterized by a sharp decrease in temperature with increasing altitude. The tropopause is also characterized by the presence of the tropopause isothermal layer, a region of the atmosphere where the temperature remains constant. The top of the tropopause isothermal layer is an