Efficient Calculation of Upwind Flux for Gridded Atmospheric Data
Weather & ForecastsAtmospheric circulation plays a major role in the Earth’s climate and weather patterns. The Earth’s atmosphere is constantly in motion, and the movement of air is driven by differences in temperature and pressure. To understand and predict atmospheric circulation, scientists use mathematical models that simulate the behavior of the atmosphere. These models rely on large
Unraveling Isotope Fractionation: Decoding Earth’s Geological History
Geology & LandformIsotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Isotope fractionation occurs when isotopes of the same element are separated by physical or chemical processes. Isotope fractionation is an important tool in the study of Earth’s geologic history. By studying the ratio of isotopes in
The Orogeny and Rock Types of the San Gabriel Mountains in the Angeles National Forest: A Geologic Overview
Geology & LandformThe San Gabriel Mountains are a mountain range located in Southern California, within the Angeles National Forest. The range extends approximately 56 miles from east to west and is composed primarily of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The San Gabriel Mountains are part of the Transverse Ranges, a series of mountain ranges that run perpendicular to
Unveiling the Mysteries of the KT Boundary: A Guide to Photographing South Table Mountain’s Evidence of Mass Extinction
Wildlife & BiologyThe K-T boundary, also known as the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, is a geological layer that marks the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Paleogene period. It is known for the mass extinction event that occurred during this time, which wiped out the dinosaurs and many other species. The K-T boundary can be
Unraveling the Mystery: How Does the Coriolis Force Nullify the Pressure Gradient Force in Perpendicular Directions?
Geology & LandformUnderstanding Geostrophic Wind Geostrophic wind is a type of wind that occurs when the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force are in equilibrium. This wind occurs in the upper atmosphere where air moves parallel to isobars, or lines of constant pressure. The balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force is necessary
Comparing Variogram Methods for Improved Ordinary Kriging Interpolation in Earth Science
Data & AnalysisInterpolation is a common technique used in geoscience to estimate values at unsampled locations based on a set of known sample points. A popular interpolation method is ordinary kriging, which uses a spatial model based on the spatial autocorrelation of the data to generate estimates. The accuracy of ordinary kriging depends heavily on the choice