How do I get the velocity of the P-wave or S-wave without using the travel time graph?

Asked by: Albana Ying

How do you find the velocity of P and S waves?

The velocity of a P or S wave is a function of the physical properties of the rock the wave is traveling through.



Velocity P wave = ((B + 1.3G)/Density)^1/2, where:

1. B = the bulk modulus – the resistance to change in volume.
2. G = the Shear modulus – the resistance to change in shape.
3. Density = mass/volume.

How do you find the velocity of a S wave?

To find shear wave velocity: Divide the shear modulus by the density of the material. Find the square root of this ratio. Mathematically, that’s: V_s = √(G / ρ)

Do P and S waves have the same velocity?

P waves are recorded earlier than S waves, because they travel at a higher velocity. SF Table 7.1 shows that P waves have a higher velocity than S waves when traveling through several mineral types. The speed at which seismic waves travel depends on the properties of the material that they are passing through.

What is the velocity of a P wave?

Typical values for P wave velocity in earthquakes are in the range 5 to 8 km/s. The precise speed varies according to the region of the Earth’s interior, from less than 6 km/s in the Earth’s crust to 13.5 km/s in the lower mantle, and 11 km/s through the inner core.

What is the velocity of secondary waves?

Their velocity is slower than that of P waves, and they are normally the second major phase to be observed on a seismogram, and are therefore also referred to as secondary waves. In the Earth’s crust, S wave velocities are typically 3–4 km/s.

Why is the P wave velocity faster than S wave velocity?

On average, P waves travel 60% faster than S waves. P-waves are compression waves that apply a force in the direction of propagation. P-waves transmit their energy easily as Earth is incompressible. On the contrary, S waves are shear waves whose motion is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of waves.

How do you find the velocity?

Velocity (v) is a vector quantity that measures displacement (or change in position, Δs) over the change in time (Δt), represented by the equation v = Δs/Δt.

Does the velocity of P waves and S waves increase or decrease?

( b ) Both P- and S-waves show rapid increase in velocity just below the surface (beneath the crust), varying but rising velocities to almost 1000 km depth then slowly increasing velocities to 2900 km. S- and P-wave velocities drop significantly between about 100 and 250 km depth.

What formula would you use to calculate the frequency of a wave?

The frequency formula in terms of wavelength and wave speed is given as, f = 𝜈/λ where, 𝜈 is the wave speed, and λ is the wavelength of the wave. The frequency formula in terms of angular frequency is given as, f = ω/2π where ω is the angular frequency.

What is the average velocity of an S wave quizlet?

The average velocity of S-Waves is between 4-7 km/sec in the shallow crust.

What are the differences between P waves S waves and surface waves quizlet?

What are the differences between P waves, S waves, and surface waves? P waves are the fastest and have the lowest amplitudes; S waves are the second fastest and have the second lowest amplitudes; surface waves are the slowest and have the highest amplitudes.

What difference between P waves and S waves was used to find the earthquake’s epicenter?

P and S waves can be used to locate the epicenter of an earthquake. Since P waves are faster than S waves, the larger the arrival time difference between the two waves is, the farther that location is from the epicenter.

What is the velocity of P waves in the upper crust?

The p-wave velocity at the upper most mantle is 7.97 km/s, and the S-wave 4.55 km/s. The low velocity layer in the upper mantle occurs approximately at 140 km deep with a thickness of about 55–62 km.

What is the difference between P waves S waves and surface waves?

Unlike P waves, S waves can travel only through solid materials. After both P and S waves have moved through the body of Earth, they are followed by surface waves, which travel along Earth’s surface. Surface waves travel only through solid media.

What are typical P wave and S wave velocities in hard rocks?

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Does the velocity of P waves and S waves increase or decrease?

( b ) Both P- and S-waves show rapid increase in velocity just below the surface (beneath the crust), varying but rising velocities to almost 1000 km depth then slowly increasing velocities to 2900 km. S- and P-wave velocities drop significantly between about 100 and 250 km depth.

What is the average velocity of an S wave quizlet?

The average velocity of S-Waves is between 4-7 km/sec in the shallow crust.

What are typical P wave and S wave velocities in hard rocks?

As shown in Figure 9.5, typical P-wave velocities are between 0.5 km/s and 2.5 km/s in unconsolidated sediments, and between 3.0 km/s and 6.5 km/s in solid crustal rocks. Of the common rocks of the crust, velocities are greatest in basalt and granite.

Why does the velocity of the primary waves and secondary waves decrease in the upper mantle?

Because the earth’s mantle becomes more rigid and compressible as the depth below the asthenosphere increases, P-waves travel faster as they go deeper in the mantle. The density of the mantle also increases with depth below the asthenosphere. The higher density reduces the speed of seismic waves.

Which is faster P or S waves?

P waves travel fastest and are the first to arrive from the earthquake. In S or shear waves, rock oscillates perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. In rock, S waves generally travel about 60% the speed of P waves, and the S wave always arrives after the P wave.

What is the velocity of P waves in the upper crust?

The p-wave velocity at the upper most mantle is 7.97 km/s, and the S-wave 4.55 km/s. The low velocity layer in the upper mantle occurs approximately at 140 km deep with a thickness of about 55–62 km.