Posted on June 4, 2023 (Updated on July 9, 2025)
Caverns in the Mantle: Exploring the Possibility
Geology & LandformThe Earth’s mantle is a layer of hot, dense rock that lies beneath the Earth’s crust. It extends from about 6.2 miles (10 kilometers) to 1,800 miles (2,900 kilometers) below the surface. The mantle is thought to be solid, although it can flow very slowly over long periods of time. Although we know a lot
Posted on June 3, 2023 (Updated on July 9, 2025)
Naming the Unnamed: Exploring the Geomorphology of Glacial Valleys
Geology & LandformGlacial valleys are fascinating landforms formed by the movement of glaciers over thousands of years. These valleys are characterized by steep sides and a flat bottom, often filled with glacial sediment. However, there is one area of the glacial valley that has remained unnamed and unexplored: the transition zone between the sides and the bottom.
Posted on June 3, 2023 (Updated on July 9, 2025)
The Science Behind Predicting the End of a Volcanic Eruption
Geology & LandformVolcanic eruptions are among the most powerful and destructive natural phenomena on Earth. They can cause widespread destruction of human settlements, agriculture, and infrastructure, as well as create new landforms and enrich the soil. Understanding how volcanic eruptions work and predicting when they will end is essential for disaster prevention, risk reduction, and scientific research.
Posted on June 3, 2023 (Updated on July 9, 2025)
Why don’t continents collide with volcanoes? Exploring the geological reasons
Geology & LandformVolcanoes are spectacular natural phenomena that have fascinated mankind for centuries. They are formed when molten rock, ash, and gas escape from beneath the Earth’s surface and erupt to the surface. While volcanoes are commonly found at the boundaries of tectonic plates, where magma rises from the Earth’s mantle to the surface, there is a
Posted on June 3, 2023 (Updated on July 9, 2025)
Isotopic Composition of Oxygen-18 in Saline and Freshwater: Implications for Earth Science
Geology & LandformWhat is Oxygen-18? Oxygen-18 is a stable isotope of oxygen that has eight protons and ten neutrons in its nucleus, giving it an atomic mass of 18. It makes up about 0.2% of all oxygen atoms in the Earth’s atmosphere. Oxygen-18 is useful in a variety of applications, including as a tracer in hydrology, ecology,
Posted on June 3, 2023 (Updated on July 9, 2025)
Crystal vs. Mineral: Understanding the Fundamental Differences in Earth Science and Crystallography
Geology & LandformCrystallography and mineralogy are two branches of science that study the properties and characteristics of minerals and crystals. Although minerals and crystals may seem similar, they are different in many ways. In this article, we will discuss the differences between crystals and minerals. What is a mineral? A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid