Defining Lower Boundary Conditions for Soil Moisture: Seepage Face and Unit Gradient in Relation to Volumetric Water Content
Natural EnvironmentsThe study of soil moisture is of great importance in agriculture, hydrology, and environmental science. Soil moisture affects plant growth, water availability, and nutrient availability. The lower boundary conditions of soil moisture, particularly the percolation surface and the unit gradient, are critical parameters in hydrologic modeling. The percolation depth is the depth at which water
The Mysterious Circular Cloud Phenomenon: Name and Effects Explored
Weather & ForecastsClouds are fascinating phenomena that occur in the Earth’s atmosphere. They are made up of tiny droplets of water or ice crystals floating in the air. Clouds come in many different shapes and sizes and can have a significant impact on weather and climate. One of the most intriguing cloud formations is the circular cloud
Unpacking the Relationship Between Visible Light and Earth’s Warming: A Greenhouse Gas Perspective
Climate & Climate ZonesThe basics of the earth’s energy balance To understand whether visible light is warming the Earth, we must first review the basics of the planet’s energy balance. The Earth receives energy from the Sun, primarily in the form of visible light, but also in the form of ultraviolet and infrared radiation. This incoming solar radiation
Can Aquifer Replenishment Save Sinking Cities like Jakarta?
Water BodiesJakarta is one of the world’s fastest sinking cities. The city is sinking at an alarming rate of up to 25 centimeters per year, and it is predicted that 95% of North Jakarta will be under water by 2050. The sinking is caused by a combination of factors including excessive groundwater extraction, soil compaction, and
What is the Current Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide?
Energy & ResourcesCarbon dioxide (CO2) is a naturally occurring gas in the atmosphere. However, human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation have significantly increased the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere over the past century. This increase in atmospheric CO2 is a major contributor to global warming and climate change. It is therefore